Dr Ian Crawford from the University College gave us a talk on “The Scientific Case for Human Spaceflight“. He outlined the highlights of the human exploration of space, with particular reference to the Moon landings. He explained why it was possible to extract much more scientific value from those manned missions than could have been extracted from purely robotic exploration, and then explained how the sam e principle applied to current missions like the International Space Station, and proposed future missions such as bases on the Moon and landings on Mars.